Take and Restore Encrypted Backups

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This page provides information about how to take and restore encrypted backups in the following ways:

Supported products

The feature described on this page is available in CockroachDB Basic, CockroachDB Standard, CockroachDB Advanced, and CockroachDB Self-Hosted clusters when you are running self-managed backups. For a full list of features, refer to Backup and restore product support.

Use Key Management Service

You can encrypt full or incremental backups with AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS, or Azure Key Vault by using the kms option.

During the backup process, a cryptographically secure 32-byte (256-bit) key is generated. Individual data files are encrypted with the backup-specific random key using AES-GCM-256. This backup-specific random key is then encrypted using the Key Management Service (KMS) APIs provided by the relevant cloud provider—AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS, or Azure Key Vault. The resulting encrypted version of the random key is then stored within the backup metadata in the ENCRYPTION_INFO file.

Note that the encryption algorithm for the random key is determined by the specific cloud provider. AWS and GCP use symmetric encryption with AES-GCM-256. Azure uses asymmetric encryption with RSA-OAEP-256.

During a restore job, CockroachDB retrieves the encrypted random key from the backup metadata and attempts to decrypt it using the KMS URI specified in the RESTORE statement. Once successfully decrypted, CockroachDB uses this key to decrypt the BACKUP manifest and data files. Similarly, the same KMS URI is required for decrypting the files when listing the backup contents using SHOW BACKUP.

When incremental backups are in use, the kms option is applied to all backup file URLs. Therefore, each incremental backup must include at least one of the KMS URIs used during the full backup. This subset can consist of any combination of the original URIs, but you cannot introduce new KMS URIs. Likewise, when taking locality-aware backups, the specified KMS URI is applied to files across all localities.

Generate a KMS key

Before you can use a KMS to encrypt a CockroachDB backup, you must first generate a KMS key. This is the key generated by the cloud provider and it never leaves the KMS. It contains key-related metadata and key material to encrypt/decrypt other data. The key material can never be exported, deleted, or extracted. CockroachDB expects the key to be symmetric (256 bit).

Locality-aware backup with kms encryption

CockroachDB also supports kms encryption for your locality-aware backup. At the time of BACKUP, you can provide multiple KMS URIs, each referencing a KMS key in a different region. This allows CockroachDB to save multiple versions of the encrypted data key used to encrypt the backup data, one per KMS URI. With these encrypted versions of the data key stored alongside the encrypted backup data, a user can RESTORE the encrypted data using any one of the KMS URIs that were supplied during backup. In the case of a single KMS region outage, the data can be decrypted with any of the KMS keys from the other regions.

Add a new KMS key to an existing backup

To add a new KMS key to an existing backup, use the ALTER BACKUP statement. ALTER BACKUP allows for new KMS encryption keys to be applied to an existing chain of encrypted backups (full and incremental). Once completed, subsequent BACKUP, RESTORE, and SHOW BACKUP statements can use any of the existing or new KMS URIs to decrypt the backup.

For examples on adding a new KMS key to an existing backup, see the ALTER BACKUP examples.

URI formats

AWS KMS URI format

The AWS KMS URI must use the following format:

aws:///{key}?AUTH={auth_type>}&REGION={region}

The AWS URI requires the following:

Component Description
aws:/// The AWS scheme. Note the triple slash (///).
{key} The key identifiers used to reference the KMS key that should be used to encrypt or decrypt. For information about the supported formats, see the AWS KMS docs.
AUTH=<auth_type> The user-specified credentials. If you use AUTH=specified, you must provide access keys in the URI parameters (e.g., AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<key_id>&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<secret_key>). If you use AUTH=implicit, the access keys can be omitted and the credentials will be loaded from the environment. For details on setting up and using the different authentication types, see Authentication.
REGION=<region> The region of the KMS key.

See AWS's KMS keys documentation for guidance on creating an AWS KMS key.

Azure Key Vault URI format

The Azure Key Vault URI must use one of two formats:

  • Explicit authentication using the AUTH=specified parameter (or omitting this, as it is the default option) with the tenant ID, client ID, client secret, and key vault name parameters:

    azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}

  • Implicit authentication with the AUTH=implicit and key vault name parameters:

    azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AUTH=implicit&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}

    See Cloud Storage Authentication for more detail on implicit authentication.

The Azure Key Vault URI uses the following parameters:

Component Description
azure-kms:/// The Azure scheme. Note the triple slash (///).
{key} Name of the key stored in your key vault.
{key version} Current version of the key in your key vault.
AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID} Directory (tenant) ID for your App Registration. (This is not required for implicit authentication.)
AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID} Application (client) ID for your App Registration. (This is not required for implicit authentication.)
AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret} Client credentials secret generated for your App Registration. (This is not required for implicit authentication.)
AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name} Name of your key vault.

To run an encrypted Azure backup, it is necessary to create the following:

Once you have created your App Registration you must assign it permissions to your key vault. To complete a successful encrypted backup, your App Registration needs the following permissions:

"dataActions": [
    "Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/keys/encrypt/action",
    "Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/keys/decrypt/action"
]

Follow Microsoft's Assign a Key Vault access policy tutorial for instructions.

Google Cloud KMS URI format

The Google Cloud KMS URI must use the following format:

gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/{location}/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH={auth_type}

The Google Cloud URI requires the following:

Component Description
gs:/// The Google Cloud scheme. Note the triple slash (///).
projects/{project name} The name of the project that will hold the objects to encrypt.
locations/{location} The location specified at key creation.
keyRings/{key ring} The Google Cloud key ring created to group keys.
cryptoKeys/{key name} The name of the key.
AUTH=<auth_type> The user-specified credentials. If you use AUTH=specified, then you must include &CREDENTIALS= with your base-64 encoded key. To load credentials from your environment, use AUTH=implicit. For details on setting up and using the different authentication types, see Authentication.

See Google Cloud's customer-managed encryption key documentation for guidance on creating a KMS key.

Examples

The following examples provide connection strings to Amazon S3 and Google Cloud Storage. For guidance using other authentication parameters, read Use Cloud Storage for Bulk Operations.

Take an encrypted Amazon S3 backup

To take an encrypted backup with AWS KMS, use the kms option:

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BACKUP INTO 's3://{BUCKET NAME}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}'
    WITH kms = 'aws:///{key}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}&REGION=us-east-1';

Take a locality-aware backup with kms encryption

To take a locality-aware backup with kms encryption, use the kms option to specify a comma-separated list of KMS URIs:

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BACKUP INTO 's3://{BUCKET NAME}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}'
    WITH KMS=(
      'aws:///{key}?AUTH=implicit&REGION=us-east-1',
      'aws:///{key}?AUTH=implict&REGION=us-west-1'
    );

Show a locality-aware backup with kms encryption

To view a kms encrypted locality-aware backup, use the kms option and the same KMS URIs that were used to create the backup:

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SHOW BACKUP FROM '2023/07/14-211406.03' IN 's3://{BUCKET NAME}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}'
    WITH KMS=(
      'aws:///{key}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}&REGION=us-east-1',
      'aws:///{key}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}&REGION=us-west-1'
    );
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database_name | parent_schema_name |      object_name       | object_type | backup_type | start_time |          end_time          | size_bytes | rows | is_full_cluster | regions
----------------+--------------------+------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+----------------------------+------------+------+-----------------+----------
  NULL          | NULL               | system                 | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | users                  | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        136 |    2 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | zones                  | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        338 |   13 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | settings               | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        373 |    5 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | ui                     | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | locations              | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        261 |    5 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_members           | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        217 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | comments               | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_options           | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | scheduled_jobs         | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        496 |    2 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | database_role_settings | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_id_seq            | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |         11 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | tenant_settings        | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |         50 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | privileges             | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | external_connections   | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  NULL          | NULL               | defaultdb              | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  defaultdb     | NULL               | public                 | schema      | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  NULL          | NULL               | postgres               | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  postgres      | NULL               | public                 | schema      | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
(19 rows)

Restore from an encrypted Amazon S3 backup

To decrypt an encrypted backup, use the kms option and any subset of the KMS URIs that were used to take the backup:

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RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 's3://{BUCKET NAME}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}'
    WITH kms = 'aws:///{key}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}&REGION=us-east-1';

Take an encrypted Azure Blob Storage backup

To take an encrypted backup with Azure KMS, use the kms option:

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BACKUP INTO 'azure-blob://{container name}?AUTH=specified&AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME={account name}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}'
    WITH kms = 'azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}';

Take a locality-aware backup with kms encryption

To take a locality-aware backup with kms encryption, use the kms option to specify a comma-separated list of KMS URIs:

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BACKUP INTO 'azure-blob://{container name}?AUTH=specified&AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME={account name}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}'
    WITH KMS=(
      'azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}',
      'azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}'
    );

Show a locality-aware backup with kms encryption

To view a kms encrypted locality-aware backup, use the kms option and the same KMS URIs that were used to create the backup:

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SHOW BACKUP FROM '2023/07/14-211406.03' IN 'azure-blob://{container name}?AUTH=specified&AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME={account name}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}'
    WITH KMS=(
      'azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}',
      'azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}'
    );
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database_name | parent_schema_name |      object_name       | object_type | backup_type | start_time |          end_time          | size_bytes | rows | is_full_cluster | regions
----------------+--------------------+------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+----------------------------+------------+------+-----------------+----------
  NULL          | NULL               | system                 | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | users                  | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        136 |    2 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | zones                  | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        338 |   13 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | settings               | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        373 |    5 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | ui                     | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | locations              | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        261 |    5 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_members           | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        217 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | comments               | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_options           | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | scheduled_jobs         | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        496 |    2 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | database_role_settings | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_id_seq            | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |         11 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | tenant_settings        | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |         50 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | privileges             | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | external_connections   | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  NULL          | NULL               | defaultdb              | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  defaultdb     | NULL               | public                 | schema      | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  NULL          | NULL               | postgres               | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  postgres      | NULL               | public                 | schema      | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
(19 rows)

Restore from an encrypted Azure Blob Storage backup

To decrypt an encrypted backup, use the kms option and any subset of the KMS URIs that were used to take the backup:

icon/buttons/copy 
RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 'azure-blob://{container name}?AUTH=specified&AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME={account name}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}'
    WITH kms = 'azure-kms:///{key}/{key version}?AZURE_TENANT_ID={tenant ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_ID={client ID}&AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET={client secret}&AZURE_VAULT_NAME={key vault name}';

Take an encrypted Google Cloud Storage backup

To take an encrypted backup with Google Cloud KMS, use the kms option:

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BACKUP INTO 'gs://{BUCKET NAME}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={ENCODED KEY}'
    WITH kms = 'gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/us-east1/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={encoded key}';

Take a locality-aware backup with kms encryption

To take a locality-aware backup with kms encryption, use the kms option to specify a comma-separated list of KMS URIs:

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BACKUP INTO 'gs://{BUCKET NAME}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={ENCODED KEY}'
    WITH KMS=(
      'gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/us-east1/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={encoded key}',
      'gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/us-west1/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={encoded key}'
    );

Show a locality-aware backup with kms encryption

To view a kms encrypted locality-aware backup, use the kms option and the same KMS URIs that were used to create the backup:

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SHOW BACKUP FROM '2023/07/14-211406.03' IN 'gs://{BUCKET NAME}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={ENCODED KEY}'
    WITH KMS=(
      'gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/us-east1/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={encoded key}',
      'gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/us-west1/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={encoded key}'
    );
icon/buttons/copy 
database_name | parent_schema_name |      object_name       | object_type | backup_type | start_time |          end_time          | size_bytes | rows | is_full_cluster | regions
----------------+--------------------+------------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+----------------------------+------------+------+-----------------+----------
  NULL          | NULL               | system                 | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | users                  | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        136 |    2 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | zones                  | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        338 |   13 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | settings               | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        373 |    5 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | ui                     | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | locations              | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        261 |    5 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_members           | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        217 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | comments               | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_options           | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | scheduled_jobs         | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |        496 |    2 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | database_role_settings | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | role_id_seq            | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |         11 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | tenant_settings        | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |         50 |    1 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | privileges             | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  system        | public             | external_connections   | table       | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |          0 |    0 |        t        | NULL
  NULL          | NULL               | defaultdb              | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  defaultdb     | NULL               | public                 | schema      | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  NULL          | NULL               | postgres               | database    | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
  postgres      | NULL               | public                 | schema      | full        | NULL       | 2023-07-14 21:14:06.031943 |       NULL | NULL |        t        | NULL
(19 rows)

Restore from an encrypted Google Cloud Storage backup

To decrypt an encrypted backup, use the kms option and any subset of the KMS URIs that were used to take the backup:

icon/buttons/copy 
RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 'gs://{BUCKET NAME}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={ENCODED KEY}'
    WITH kms = 'gs:///projects/{project name}/locations/us-east1/keyRings/{key ring name}/cryptoKeys/{key name}?AUTH=specified&CREDENTIALS={encoded key}';

Use a passphrase

You can encrypt full or incremental backups with a passphrase by using the encryption_passphrase option. Files written by the backup (including BACKUP manifests and data files) are encrypted using the specified passphrase to derive a key. To restore the encrypted backup, the same encryption_passphrase option (with the same passphrase) must be included in the RESTORE statement.

When used with incremental backups, the encryption_passphrase option is applied to all the backup file URLs, which means the same passphrase must be used when appending another incremental backup to an existing backup. Similarly, when used with locality-aware backups, the passphrase provided is applied to files in all localities.

Encryption is done using AES-256-GCM, and GCM is used to both encrypt and authenticate the files. A random salt is used to derive a once-per-backup AES key from the specified passphrase, and then a random initialization vector is used per-file. CockroachDB uses PBKDF2 with 64,000 iterations for the key derivation.

Note:

BACKUP and RESTORE will use more memory when using encryption, as both the plain-text and cipher-text of a given file are held in memory during encryption and decryption.

For an example of an encrypted backup, see Create an encrypted backup.

The examples in this section use one of the following storage URIs:

  • External connections, which allow you to represent an external storage or sink URI. You can then specify the external connection's name in statements rather than the provider-specific URI. For detail on using external connections, see the CREATE EXTERNAL CONNECTION page.
  • Amazon S3 connection strings with the default AUTH=specified parameter. For guidance on using AUTH=implicit authentication with Amazon S3 buckets instead, read Cloud Storage Authentication.

For guidance on connecting to other storage options or using other authentication parameters instead, read Use Cloud Storage.

Take an encrypted backup using a passphrase

To take an encrypted backup, use the encryption_passphrase option:

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BACKUP INTO 's3://{BUCKET NAME}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}' WITH encryption_passphrase = 'password123';

To restore, use the same encryption_passphrase. See the example below for more details.

Restore from an encrypted backup using a passphrase

To decrypt an encrypted backup, use the encryption_passphrase option option and the same passphrase that was used to create the backup.

For example, the encrypted backup created in the previous example can be restored with:

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RESTORE FROM LATEST IN 's3://{BUCKET NAME}?AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID={KEY ID}&AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY={SECRET ACCESS KEY}' WITH encryption_passphrase = 'password123';

To restore from a specific backup, use RESTORE FROM {subdirectory} IN ....

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